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Diabities Adrenal disorders
Pituitary gland disorders, Sex hormone disorders
Disorders of Gender Disorders of Puberty & growth Menstrual function or fertility disorders Thyroid disorders
Other Tumors of the endocrine glands Multiple endocrine neoplasia
Autoimmune polyendocrine syndromes Incidentaloma
Others |
The study of endocrinology effectively began with a study by Berthold (1849), largely ignored at the time, in which he noted that castrated cockerels failed to develop combs and wattles or exhibit overtly male behavior. It is a branch of medicine dealing with disorders of the endocrine system and its specific secretions called hormones. Hormones are molecules that act as signals from one type of cells to another. Those secreted by the endocrine glands travel primarily through the blood. Although every organ system secretes and responds to hormones (including the brain, lungs, heart, intestine, skin, and the kidney), the clinical specialty of endocrinology focuses on the endocrine organs, i.e. the organs whose primary function is hormone secretion. Endocrinologists treat disorders of the pituitary, including growth disorders; diseases of the thyroid; diseases of the adrenal glands; diseases of the ovary and testes; and diabetes, a disorder of insulin secretion or sensitivity The endocrine system is comprised of several glands located in diverse areas of the body. Morphologically they are noteworthy because they secrete directly into the bloodstream rather than into a duct system. The hormones produced by these glands can have different functions and modes of actions. One hormone can have multiple effects and target organs and, likewise, one physiological event or target organ can be affected by more than one hormone. There are three different classes of hormone based on their chemical composition : Amines – Amines, Peptide/Protein and Steroid The medical specialty of endocrinology involves the diagnostic evaluation of a wide variety of symptoms and variations, as well as the long-term management of disorders of deficiency or excess of one or more hormones. The diagnosis and treatment of endocrine diseases are guided by laboratory tests to a greater extent than for most specialties. Many diseases are investigated through excitation/stimulation or inhibition/suppression testing. This might involve injection with a stimulating agent to test the function of an endocrine organ. Blood is then sampled to assess the changes of the relevant hormones or metabolites. Diagnostic imaging of endocrine organs may reveal "spots," termed incidentalomas, which do not represent disease. Endocrinology also requires caring for the person as well as the disease. Most endocrine disorders are chronic diseases warranting life-long medical care. The most common of these is diabetes mellitus. Successful care of diabetes and other chronic diseases necessitates understanding the patient at the personal and social level as well as the molecular, and the physician-patient relationship can be an important therapeutic process. Among the hundreds of endocrinological diseases the main are - Adrenal disorders, Pituitary gland disorders, Sex hormone disorders, Disorders of Gender, Disorders of Puberty, Menstrual function or fertility disorders, Thyroid disorders, para-thyroid & disorders, Tumors of the endocrine glands not mentioned elsewhere , Multiple endocrine neoplasia, Autoimmune polyendocrine syndromes, Incidentaloma - an unexpected finding on diagnostic imaging, often of endocrine glands and others. The treatment of all endcrinological disease and disorders including diagnostic facilities of pathology laboratory biochemistry, radiological imaging facilities and others are available at our hospitals |
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