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Congenital diseases Polycystic kidney disease Congenital hydronephrosis Renal dysplasia
Acquired diseases Renal failure, Acute renal failure, Chronic renal failure,
Pyelonephritis, Azotemia, creatinine, , Hydronephrosis Nephrotic syndrome, Hemodialysis Peritoneal Dialysis Renal Biopsy Acuterenal Clinics |
Nephrology is the branch of internal medicine dealing with the study of the function and diseases of the kidney. The word nephrology is derived from the Greek word nephros, which means "kidney", and the suffix -ology, or "study of. The kidneys are bean -shaped excretory organs in vertebrates. Part of the urinary system, the kidneys filter wastes (especially urea) from the blood and excrete them, along with water, as urine. The medical field that studies the kidneys and diseases affecting the kidney is called nephrology, from the Greek name for the kidney; the adjective meaning "kidney-related" is renal, from the Latin. Most diseases affecting the kidney are not limited to the organ itself, but are systemic disorders. Nephrology concerns itself with the diagnosis of kidney disease and its treatment (medication, dialysis), and follow-up of renal transplant patients. Additionally, nephrologists are expert in the care of electrolyte disorders and hypertension. In humans, the kidneys are located in the posterior part of the abdomen. There is one on each side of the spine; the right kidney sits just below the liver, the left below the spleen. The kidneys are "bean-shaped" organs, and have a concave side facing inwards (medially). The basic function of the kidney is to regulate water and soluble matter (especially electrolytes) in the body by first filtering the blood, then reabsorbing some necessary fluid and molecules while secreting other, unneeded molecules, excretion of waste material from the bloodstream, secretion of hormones – particularly erythropoietin and renin and maintaining serum electrolyte, acid-base levels and osmolality. Patients are referred to nephrology specialists for various different reasons, such as - Acute renal failure, a sudden loss of renal function, Chronic renal failure; declining renal function, Hematuria (blood loss in the urine), Proteinuria the loss of protein espeically albumin in the urine, Kidney stones, Cancer of the kidney, mostly renal cell carcinoma, recurrent urinary tract infections , Hypertension that has failed to respond to multiple forms of anti-hypertensive medication or could have a secondary cause, Electrolyte disorders or acid/base imbalance and others. To aid in diagnosis investigations required include laboratory tests, Renal biopsy (to obtain a tissue diagnosis of a disorder when the exact nature or stage remains uncertain), Ultrasound scanning of the urinary tract and occasionally doppler examination of the renal blood vessels, CT scanning when mass lesions are suspected, 'split function' of each kidney, Angiography or Magnetic resonance imaging angiography when the blood vessels might be affected. All such investigation facilities are available at the hospitals, round he clock. The hospitals provide treatment for nearly all nephrology diseases and disorders including Congenital diseases, Acquired diseases, nephrotic syndromes, Kidney Tumors, Glomerulonephritis, Diabetic nephropathy, Lupous nephritis and others. Many kidney diseases are treated with medication. When symptoms of renal failure become too severe, dialysis or kidney transplantation might be required. The facility of Dialysis is also available round the clock, at the hospital. |
Kidney tumors Wilms tumor Renal cell carcinoma Glomerulon-ephritis Diabetic nephropathy Lupus nephritis Minimal change disease Trauma and others
Clinical
Pathology,
X-Ray Sonography I.I.TV. |
Congenital
obstruction of urinary tract Horseshoe
kidney Duplicated ureter, 
Kidney stones.
